CTNPT 022B: PROOV IT II

About the Study

This pilot study aimed to determine if taking a probiotic in combination with antiretroviral therapy (ART) could help reduce inflammation and harmful immune activation in those who dont respond completely to ART.

Probiotic products are live bacteria that may provide health benefits and are often referred to as beneficial bacteria. The specific probiotic used in this study, Visbiome, is approved by Health Canada as a Natural Health Product. However, its use in this research study was experimental.

Background

Approximately 25% of HIV-infected individuals who start taking ART have a sub-optimal response meaning that their immune system (CD4 count) doesnt improve as expected, even though the virus is suppressed by their medications. These individuals are sometimes known as immune non-responders (INRs). These individuals are at increased risk of AIDS-related deaths and non-AIDS related health problems that may be associated with increased immune activation and leaking of bacteria from the gut into the bloodstream.

Consistent use of ART to manage HIV is known to extend life expectancy by many years. However, many people living with HIV have more inflammation and immune activation-related health conditions (like heart and brain diseases) compared with uninfected people, even after taking ART for a long period of time. This is a result of bacteria entering the bloodstream through a persons gut lining, which has been damaged by HIV. Although ART has drastically improved HIV care, it can take years of continuous ART to repair HIV-related damage to the immune cells in the gut.

This study investigated whether taking a probiotic would fix the damage to gut tissue or improve the response to ART in INRs. There is considerable evidence that a change in the balance of beneficial and harmful bacteria can influence gut immune health. For example, beneficial bacteria have been shown to enhance the ability of immune cells to fight harmful bacteria. The study tested whether this probiotic might improve the function and number of healthy immune cells in the gut, prevent bacterial leakage into the bloodstream and ultimately reduce the inflammation that causes HIV-related health complications in INRs.